WHEN you first learn Chinese calligraphy you spend years studying and writing in the style of famous calligraphers. There are many stories of obsessive-compulsive calligraphers, such as the one who wrote by a pond in his compound and turned the whole pond black from washing the ink off his brush. Emotional freedom, the integrity and special quality of one’s own work — these are not first things, but final things. Only the patient and the diligent, as well as the inspired, get there.
Swimming, reading, taking notes, watched Winter’s Tale, the usual volunteer stuff, goodbye brunches and dinners and drinks, two birthdays to celebrate, spa. Calligraphy too, I do want to take part in a competition by the end of the year, just for the experience. Also watched some movies, and I’m wrung out after rereading His Dark Materials trilogy — the ending just kills me.
Thinking of the “three achievements” question they asked: What would I say now? Building skills: for teaching, writing, academia — also HAVE to get a better grasp of French grammar. What’s worth having is worth working for.
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Families of sound
The letters are divided into two general classes, vowels and consonants.
A vowel forms a perfect sound when uttered alone. A consonant cannot be perfectly uttered till joined to a vowel.
The vowels are a, e, i, o, u and sometimes w and y. All the other letters are consonants.
(W or y is called a consonant when it precedes a vowel heard in the same syllable, as in wine, twine, whine. In all other cases these letters are vowels, as in newly, dewy, and eyebrow.)
The consonants are divided into semivowels and mutes.
A semivowel is a consonant that can be imperfectly sounded without a vowel so that at the end of a syllable its sound may be protracted, as in l, n, z, as in al, an, az.
Four of the semivowels � l, m, n, and r � are termed liquids, on account of the fluency of their sounds.
Four others � v, w, y, and z � are likewise more vocal than the aspirates.
A mute is a consonant that cannot be sounded at all without a vowel, and which at the end of a syllable suddenly stops the breath, as k, p, t, in ak, ap, at.
The mutes are eight: b, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard. Three of these� k, q, and c hard � sound exactly alike. B, d, and g hard stop the voice less suddenly than the rest.
The line
A one foot line is called a monometer.
A two foot line is called a dimeter.
A three foot line is called a trimeter.
A four foot line is called a tetrameter.
A five foot line is called a pentameter; most people have heard of iambic pentameter.
A six foot line is called a hexameter.
A seven foot line is called a heptameter.
An eight foot line is called a octometer.
Metrical feet and symbols
- iamb = a light stress followed by a heavy stress
When I have FEARS that I may CEASE to BE
- trochee = a heavy stress followed by a light stress
MARy HAD a LITtle LAMB; its FLEECE was WHITE as SNOW
DOUble DOUble TOIL and TROUble
- dactyl = a heavy stress followed by two light stresses
“FORward, the LIGHT Brigade!”
WAS there a MAN dismay’d?
NOT tho’ the SOLdier knew
Someone had blunder’d: (This line is different.)
THEIR’S not to MAKE reply,
THEIR’S not to REAson why,
THEIR’S but to DO and die:
- anapest = two light stresses followed by a heavy stress
The AsSYRian came DOWN like a WOLF on the FOLD
And his Cohorts were GLEAMing in PURple and GOLD.
- spondee = two equal stresses
This meter is rare; it tends to be used more for emphasis in poems that feature some other meter. See line 4 from the dactyl example.
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Pentamenter:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell
Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art —
Tetrameter:
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
I wandered lonely as a cloud
Whose woods these are I think I know
Tetrameter: sense of quickness, spareness, agitation, which is not evoked in the five-foot lines.
Pentameter: most nearly matches the breath capacity of speakers, and is the line most free from special effect. It fits without stress, makes a full phrase, and leaves little breath at the end.
Tetra-tri, used by Emily Dickinson, is the stanza form of the Protestant hymn. A tetrameter, agitating in itself, begins the piece. The tension is increased by cutting the length of line 2 by a foot and also by concluding the phrase begun in line one within this shorter span. The repetition can evoke claustrophobia, a sense of ritual, a sense of terrible formality.
True rhyme
Masculine rhyme — single stressed syllable
Off/slant rhyme — down/noon
Feminine rhyme — words of more than one syllable that end with a light stress eg buckle/knuckle